3,453 research outputs found
Serum osteoprotegerin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa
Low bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with a low bone turnover state. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a cytokine that acts as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, decreases bone resorption by inhibiting differentiation of osteoclast precursors and activation of mature osteoclasts, and by stimulating osteoclast apoptosis. We compared OPG levels in 43 adolescent girls with AN with 38 controls and examined bone density, bone turnover, and hormonal parameters. Girls with AN had lower fat mass, lean body mass, lumbar BMD z-scores, and lumbar bone mineral apparent density than controls. OPG levels were higher in girls with AN than in controls (44.5 +/- 22.5 pg/ml vs. 34.5 +/- 12.7 pg/ml, P = 0.02). Osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, estradiol, free testosterone, IGF-I, and leptin were lower in AN than in healthy adolescents. OPG values correlated negatively with body mass index (r = -0.27, P = 0.02), percent fat mass (r = -0.35, P = 0.0002), leptin (r = -0.28, P = 0.02), lumbar BMD z-scores (r = -0.25, P = 0.03), and lumbar bone mineral apparent density (r = -0.26, P = 0.03). In conclusion, adolescent girls with AN have higher serum OPG values than controls. OPG values correlate negatively with markers of nutritional status and lumbar bone density z-scores and may be a compensatory response to the bone loss seen in this population
Search for Small Trans-Neptunian Objects by the TAOS Project
The Taiwan-America Occultation Survey (TAOS) aims to determine the number of
small icy bodies in the outer reach of the Solar System by means of stellar
occultation. An array of 4 robotic small (D=0.5 m), wide-field (f/1.9)
telescopes have been installed at Lulin Observatory in Taiwan to simultaneously
monitor some thousand of stars for such rare occultation events. Because a
typical occultation event by a TNO a few km across will last for only a
fraction of a second, fast photometry is necessary. A special CCD readout
scheme has been devised to allow for stellar photometry taken a few times per
second. Effective analysis pipelines have been developed to process stellar
light curves and to correlate any possible flux changes among all telescopes. A
few billion photometric measurements have been collected since the routine
survey began in early 2005. Our preliminary result of a very low detection rate
suggests a deficit of small TNOs down to a few km size, consistent with the
extrapolation of some recent studies of larger (30--100 km) TNOs.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, IAU Symposium 23
The Taiwanese-American Occultation Survey: The Multi-Telescope Robotic Observatory
The Taiwanese-American Occultation Survey (TAOS) operates four fully
automatic telescopes to search for occultations of stars by Kuiper Belt
Objects. It is a versatile facility that is also useful for the study of
initial optical GRB afterglows. This paper provides a detailed description of
the TAOS multi-telescope system, control software, and high-speed imaging.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure
gravity theories in the Palatini Formalism constrained from strong lensing
gravity, capable of driving the late-time acceleration of the
universe, is emerging as a promising alternative to dark energy. Various
gravity models have been intensively tested against probes of the expansion
history, including type Ia supernovae (SNIa), the cosmic microwave background
(CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). In this paper we propose to use
the statistical lens sample from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search
Data Release 3 (SQLS DR3) to constrain gravity models. This sample can
probe the expansion history up to , higher than what probed by
current SNIa and BAO data. We adopt a typical parameterization of the form
with and
constants. For (CDM), we obtain the best-fit value of the
parameter , for which the 95% confidence interval that is
[-4.633, -3.754]. This best-fit value of corresponds to the matter
density parameter , consistent with constraints from other
probes. Allowing to be free, the best-fit parameters are . Consequently, we give and the
deceleration parameter . At the 95% confidence level, and
are constrained to [-4.67, -2.89] and [-0.078, 0.202] respectively.
Clearly, given the currently limited sample size, we can only constrain
within the accuracy of and thus can not distinguish
between CDM and gravity with high significance, and actually,
the former lies in the 68% confidence contour. We expect that the extension of
the SQLS DR3 lens sample to the SDSS DR5 and SDSS-II will make constraints on
the model more stringent.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
First Results From The Taiwanese-American Occultation Survey (TAOS)
Results from the first two years of data from the Taiwanese-American
Occultation Survey (TAOS) are presented. Stars have been monitored
photometrically at 4 Hz or 5 Hz to search for occultations by small (~3 km)
Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). No statistically significant events were found,
allowing us to present an upper bound to the size distribution of KBOs with
diameters 0.5 km < D < 28 km.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure, accepted in Ap
A Close Binary Star Resolved from Occultation by 87 Sylvia
The star BD+29 1748 was resolved to be a close binary from its occultation by
the asteroid 87 Sylvia on 2006 December 18 UT. Four telescopes were used to
observe this event at two sites separated by some 80 km apart. Two flux drops
were observed at one site, whereas only one flux drop was detected at the
other. From the long-term variation of Sylvia, we inferred the probable shape
of the shadow during the occultation, and this in turn constrains the binary
parameters: the two components of BD+29 1748 have a projected separation of
0.097" to 0.110" on the sky with a position angle 104 deg to 107 deg. The
asteroid was clearly resolved with a size scale ranging from 130 to 290 km, as
projected onto the occultation direction. No occultation was detected for
either of the two known moonlets of 87 Sylvia.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables; submitted to the PAS
ATR Mutations Promote the Growth of Melanoma Tumors by Modulating the Immune Microenvironment.
Melanomas accumulate a high burden of mutations that could potentially generate neoantigens, yet somehow suppress the immune response to facilitate continued growth. In this study, we identify a subset of human melanomas that have loss-of-function mutations in ATR, a kinase that recognizes and repairs UV-induced DNA damage and is required for cellular proliferation. ATR mutant tumors exhibit both the accumulation of multiple mutations and the altered expression of inflammatory genes, resulting in decreased T cell recruitment and increased recruitment of macrophages known to spur tumor invasion. Taken together, these studies identify a mechanism by which melanoma cells modulate the immune microenvironment to promote continued growth
The TAOS Project: Upper Bounds on the Population of Small KBOs and Tests of Models of Formation and Evolution of the Outer Solar System
We have analyzed the first 3.75 years of data from TAOS, the Taiwanese
American Occultation Survey. TAOS monitors bright stars to search for
occultations by Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). This dataset comprises 5e5
star-hours of multi-telescope photometric data taken at 4 or 5 Hz. No events
consistent with KBO occultations were found in this dataset. We compute the
number of events expected for the Kuiper Belt formation and evolution models of
Pan & Sari (2005), Kenyon & Bromley (2004), Benavidez & Campo Bagatin (2009),
and Fraser (2009). A comparison with the upper limits we derive from our data
constrains the parameter space of these models. This is the first detailed
comparison of models of the KBO size distribution with data from an occultation
survey. Our results suggest that the KBO population is comprised of objects
with low internal strength and that planetary migration played a role in the
shaping of the size distribution.Comment: 18 pages, 16 figures, Aj submitte
The CAMELS project: Expanding the galaxy formation model space with new ASTRID and 28-parameter TNG and SIMBA suites
We present CAMELS-ASTRID, the third suite of hydrodynamical simulations in
the Cosmology and Astrophysics with MachinE Learning (CAMELS) project, along
with new simulation sets that extend the model parameter space based on the
previous frameworks of CAMELS-TNG and CAMELS-SIMBA, to provide broader training
sets and testing grounds for machine-learning algorithms designed for
cosmological studies. CAMELS-ASTRID employs the galaxy formation model
following the ASTRID simulation and contains 2,124 hydrodynamic simulation runs
that vary 3 cosmological parameters (, , ) and 4
parameters controlling stellar and AGN feedback. Compared to the existing TNG
and SIMBA simulation suites in CAMELS, the fiducial model of ASTRID features
the mildest AGN feedback and predicts the least baryonic effect on the matter
power spectrum. The training set of ASTRID covers a broader variation in the
galaxy populations and the baryonic impact on the matter power spectrum
compared to its TNG and SIMBA counterparts, which can make machine-learning
models trained on the ASTRID suite exhibit better extrapolation performance
when tested on other hydrodynamic simulation sets. We also introduce extension
simulation sets in CAMELS that widely explore 28 parameters in the TNG and
SIMBA models, demonstrating the enormity of the overall galaxy formation model
parameter space and the complex non-linear interplay between cosmology and
astrophysical processes. With the new simulation suites, we show that building
robust machine-learning models favors training and testing on the largest
possible diversity of galaxy formation models. We also demonstrate that it is
possible to train accurate neural networks to infer cosmological parameters
using the high-dimensional TNG-SB28 simulation set
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